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Interesting site!
Rose Hollingsworth
Evansville, IN
*********My family Revolutionary Soldiers
Samuel Barker, Essex Co., MA
Justinian Mills, St. Mary's Co., MD
Benjamin Stout, Hunterdon Co., NJ
Bennett Greenwell, St. Mary's Co., MD
Rev. William Mason, Culpeper Co., VA
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From: Farns10th(a)aol.com
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Date: Tue, 8 Dec 1998 16:41:03 EST
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Subject: INTELLIGENCE - WAR OF INDEPENDENCE - A Study by the CIA
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Here is a full text (freely shared) book, online on the CIA's study and report
of
the American Revolution - (wow)! below is a small excerpt
http://www.odci.gov/cia/publications/warindep/index.html
<A
HREF="http://www.odci.gov/cia/publications/warindep/index.html"...
Intelligence in the War of Independence</A>
Personalities
George Washington
George Washington was a skilled manager of intelligence. He utilized
agents behind enemy lines, recruited both Tory and Patriot sources,
interrogated travelers for intelligence information, and launched scores
of agents on both intelligence and counterintelligence missions. He was
adept at deception operations and tradecraft and was a skilled
propagandist. He also practiced sound operational security.
As an intelligence manager, Washington insisted that the terms of an
agent's employment and his instructions be precise and in writing,
composing many letters of instruction himself. He emphasized his desire
for receiving written, rather than verbal, reports. He demanded
repeatedly that intelligence reports be expedited, reminding his
officers of those bits of intelligence he had received which had become
valueless because of delay in getting them to him. He also recognized
the need for developing many different sources so that their reports
could be cross-checked, and so that the compromise of one source would
not cut off the flow of intelligence from an important area.
Washington sought and obtained a "secret service fund" from the
Continental Congress, and expressed preference for specie, preferably
gold: "I have always found a difficulty in procuring intelligence by
means of paper money, and I perceive it increases." In accounting for
the sums in his journals, he did not identify the recipients: "The names
of persons who are employed within the Enemy's lines or who may fall
within their power cannot be inserted."
He instructed his generals to "leave no stone unturned, nor do not stick
to expense" in gathering intelligence, and urged that those employed for
intelligence purposes be those "upon whose firmness and fidelity we may
safely rely."
Drawing: Washington conferring with one of his agents
Washington's Intelligence Officers
Washington retained full and final authority over Continental Army
intelligence activities, but he delegated significant field
responsibility to trusted officers. Although he regularly urged all his
officers to be more active in collecting intelligence, Washington relied
chiefly on his aides and specially-designated officers to assist him in
conducting intelligence operations. The first to assume this role
appears to have been Joseph Reed, who fulfilled the duties of
"Secretary, Adjutant General and Quarter Master, besides doing a
thousand other little Things which fell incidentally." A later successor
to Reed was Alexander Hamilton, who is known to have been deeply
involved with the Commander-in-Chief's intelligence operations,
including developing reports received in secret writing and
investigating a suspected double agent.
When Elias Boudinot was appointed Commissary General of Prisoners,
responsible for screening captured soldiers and for dealing with the
British concerning American patriots whom they held prisoner, Washington
recognized that the post offered "better opportunities than most other
officers in the army, to obtain knowledge of the Enemy's Situation,
motions and... designs," and added to Boudinot's responsibilities "the
procuring of intelligence." In 1778, Washington selected Brigadier
General Charles Scott of Virginia as his "intelligence chief." When
personal considerations made it necessary for Scott to step down,
Washington appointed Colonel David Henley to the post temporarily, and
then assigned it to Major Benjamin Tallmadge. Tallmadge combined
reconnaissance with clandestine visits into British territory to recruit
agents, and attained distinction for his conduct of the Culper Ring
operating out of New York.
In 1776 George Washington picked Thomas Knowlton to command the
Continental Army's first intelligence unit, known as "Knowlton's
Rangers." Intelligence failure during the battle of Long Island
convinced Washington that he needed an elite detachment dedicated to
reconnaissance that reported directly to him. Knowlton, who had served
in a similar unit during the French and Indian War, led 130 men and 20
officers-all hand-picked volunteers-on a variety of secret missions that
were too dangerous for regular troops to conduct. The date 1776 on the
seal of the Army's intelligence service today refers to the formation of
Knowlton's Rangers.
Other intelligence officers who served with distinction during the War
of Independence included Captain Eli Leavenworth, Major Alexander
Clough, Colonel Elias Dayton, Major John Clark, Major Allan McLane,
Captain Charles Craig and General Thomas Mifflin.
Graphic: United States Army Intelligence Seal
Paul Revere and the Mechanics
The first Patriot intelligence network on record was a secret group in
Boston known as the "mechanics." The group apparently grew out of the
old Sons of Liberty organization that had successfully opposed the hated
Stamp Act. The "mechanics," (meaning skilled laborers and artisans)
organized resistance to British authority and gathered intelligence. In
the words of one of its members, Paul Revere, "in the Fall of 1774 and
winter of 1775, I was one of upwards of thirty, chiefly mechanics, who
formed ourselves into a Committee for the purpose of watching British
soldiers and gaining every intelligence on the movements of the Tories."
According to Revere, "We frequently took turns, two and two, to watch
the (British) soldiers by patrolling the streets all night."
In addition, the "mechanics," also known as the Liberty Boys, sabotaged
and stole British military equipment in Boston. Their security
practices, however, were amateurish. They met in the same place
regularly (the Green Dragon Tavern), and one of their leaders (Dr.
Benjamin Church) was a British agent.
Through a number of their intelligence sources, the "mechanics" were
able to see through the cover story the British had devised to mask
their march on Lexington and Concord. Dr. Joseph Warren, chairman of the
Committee of Safety, charged Revere with the task of warning John Adams
and John Hancock at Lexington that they were the probable targets of the
enemy operation. Revere arranged for the warning lanterns to be hung in
Old North Church to alert patriot forces at Charleston, and then set off
on his famous ride. He completed his primary mission of notifying Adams
and Hancock. Then Revere, along with Dr. Samuel Prescott and William
Dawes, rode on to alert Concord, only to be apprehended by the British
en route. Dawes got away, and Dr. Prescott managed to escape soon
afterward and to alert the Patriots at Concord. Revere was interrogated
and subsequently released, after which he returned to Lexington to warn
Hancock and Adams of the proximity of British forces.
Revere then turned to still another mission, retrieving from the local
tavern a trunk belonging to Hancock and filled with incriminating
papers. With John Lowell, Revere went to the tavern and, as he put it,
during "a continual roar of Musquetry... we made off with the Trunk."
Paul Revere had served as a courier prior to his famous "midnight ride,"
and continued to do so during the early years of the war. One of his
earlier missions was perhaps as important as the Lexington ride. In
December 1774, Revere rode to the Oyster River in New Hampshire with a
report that the British, under General Gage, intended to seize Fort
William and Mary. Armed with this intelligence, Major John Sullivan of
the colonial militia led a force of four hundred men in an attack on the
fort. The one hundred barrels of gunpowder taken in the raid were
ultimately used by the Patriots to cover their retreat from Bunker Hill.
Martyrs and Heroes
Nathan Hale is probably the best known but least successful American
agent in the War of Independence. He embarked on his espionage mission
into British-held New York as a volunteer, impelled by a strong sense of
patriotism and duty. Before leaving on the mission he reportedly told a
fellow officer: "I am not influenced by the expectation of promotion or
pecuniary award; I wish to be useful, and every kind of service
necessary to the public good becomes honorable by being necessary. If
the exigencies of my country demand a peculiar service, its claims to
perform that service are imperious."
But dedication was not enough. Captain Hale had no training experience,
no contacts in New York, no channels of communication, and no cover
story to explain his absence from camp-only his Yale diploma supported
his contention that he was a "Dutch schoolmaster." He was captured while
trying to slip out of New York, was convicted as a spy and went to the
gallows on September 22, 1776. Witnesses to the execution reported the
dying words that gained him immortality (a paraphrase of a line from
Joseph Addison's play Cato: "I only regret that I have but one life to
lose for my country."
The same day Nathan Hale was executed in New York, British authorities
there arrested another Patriot and charged him with being a spy. Haym
Salomon was a recent Jewish immigrant who worked as a stay-behind agent
after Washington evacuated New York City in September 1776. Solomon was
arrested in a round-up of suspected Patriot sympathizers and was
confined to Sugar House Prison. He spoke several European languages and
was soon released to the custody of General von Heister, commander of
Hessian mercenaries, who needed someone who could serve as a
German-language interpreter in the Hessian commissary department. While
in German custody, Salomon induced a number of the German troops to
resign or desert.
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