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Today's Topics:
1. Carpenter Cousins Y-DNA Project - health issues & project
overview (John R Carpenter)
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Message: 1
Date: Tue, 28 Mar 2017 08:58:35 -0700
From: John R Carpenter <jrcrin001(a)cox.net>
To: Rootsweb Carpenter <CARPENTER(a)rootsweb.com>,
<CarpenterCousins(a)yahoogroups.com>
Subject: [CARPENTER] Carpenter Cousins Y-DNA Project - health issues &
project overview
Message-ID: <DA89548A50C445ECA7F0D05EBB255A55@JohnCarpenter>
Content-Type: text/plain; charset="utf-8"
Hello List!
I was recently asked off list some questions about the Carpenter Cousins
Project. They asked for a clarification of health issues that can be seen
on Y-DNA tests and about the project itself.
The following is what I wrote to them.
Often when I help people with their Carpenter genealogy, I am frequently
able to help resolve their genealogical line back to an immigrant. The
Carpenter Cousins Project supports the genealogical research that backs up
the Carpenter Cousins Y-DNA Project. See:
http://carpentercousins.com/
Y-DNA markers rarely indicate health or medical issues. For example. Null
values or missing DYS markers where the Y-DNA marker value is listed as a
numerical zero ( 0 ) often indicates sterility. This of course is after
confirming the lab results. The Carpenter Cousins Project has had only one
(1) such result in over 400 Y-DNA tests.
DNA tests that can focus on medical issues are often part of autosomal DNA
(atDNA) testing. See A) below for a brief on the different DNA tests.
One of the goals of the Carpenter Cousins Y-DNA Project is to help sort
out the various Carpenter/Zimmerman lineages using genetic Y-DNA tests. For
example, Many lines fraudulently documented in the past has been
straightened out using Y-DNA testing. And many incomplete lineages have
been resolved. This last does not mean we are one hundred percent (100%)
successful. We list several lineages as incomplete or unattached in our
various groups. These are those who match genetically but who can not, for
one reason or the other confirm their lineage back to the groups ancestor.
Please see our Carpenter Cousins Y-DNA Project main page and lineage page
for more details.
http://carpentercousins.com/carpdna.htm and
http://carpentercousins.com/generallineage.htm
It is important to know that we have over 107 different Carpenter Cousins
Y-DNA genetic profiles or fingerprints on file in some 35 organized and two
other general non-matching lineage groups. This means there is no single
common ancestor within the genealogical time period (say the last 750
years) for all of these Carpenter Cousins. Many Zimmermans (older German
word for Carpenter) came from Europe then Anglicized their name to
Carpenter. Many carrying the variant names such as Carpender(dar),
Charpentier, Carpentier, Carpentero and similar names did the same thing as
the Zimmermans. But, some did not. Alternate names for Zimmerman(n)
include, but are not limited to, Simmerman and Zim(m)er. This is why the
project is called Carpenter Cousins!
Genetic genealogy, using a Y-DNA test, is often used due to road blocks or
genealogical dead ends. And to confirm the genealogical lineage by matching
others on the same line genetically.
Road blocks are those points in the lineage where one can not resolve who
is whom in the paper trail. This could be because of a dearth of names or
an over abundance of names. A Y-DNA test result could link you genetically
to a known Carpenter/Zimmerman lineage. Then reverse genealogy is applied
using geographic time to place those Carpenters/Zimmermans where your
lineage ends.
Ideally, one gets a match breaking the road block. This often works, but
it takes work and patience. And occasionally you get tantalizingly close,
but can not confirm the exact relationship. For example, Y-DNA can not tell
which of several sons or the father you descend from. Why? Because the
Y-DNA is passed virtually unchanged from father to son. This is why we
sometimes will place qualifiers on our posted lineages and still have
unattached lineages.
One of the goals of genetic genealogy is triangulation. This is simply
person A matching person B genetically then comparing their paper trail
genealogy to determine the most common ancestor (MRCA). When this is done
we have a genetic and genealogical match. It is a check recheck of the
data. See B) below.
When we have a genealogical match but not a genetic match this is often a
sign of a non-paternal event (NPE). A NPE is a formal or informal adoption
of DNA into a lineage. Quite often this is as simple as a widow with a
young child remarrying and the child adopts the step-fathers surname. It
can also be a sign of infidelity or a rape. On occasion it could also be a
sign of a genealogical issue.
Conversely, a genetic match without a genealogical match could indicate a
paper trail error. This is often found from copying unconfirmed or garbage
genealogy off the internet. Please remember that genealogy without good
documentation has a higher probability of error regardless of how many
times it is repeated on the internet!
Please look over our Carpenter Cousins Y-DNA Project lineage pages. And if
you have any questions, please let me know.
John R. Carpenter
La Mesa, CA USA
Carpenter Cousins Project
http://carpentercousins.com
Carpenter Cousins Y-DNA Project
http://www.carpentercousins.com/carpdna.htm
Carpenter Cousins Y-DNA Project lineage page
http://www.carpentercousins.com/generallineage.htm
PS See also C) and G) below.
A)
There are different types of DNA tests. And some companies only do one
type of test while companies like FTDNA offer many types of tests.
Y-DNA Tests
As you know the Y Chromosome is passed from father to son virtually
unchanged over the generations. This makes it ideal for surname testing.
When looking at a genealogical pedigree chart, the very top lineage is the
paternal line and represents Y-DNA heritage. This is the father?s father?s
line.
Many companies used to have Y-DNA tests, but now only a few provide it.
See comparison chart link below. And these companies test some but not all
of the same DYS markers. And a few use different values (numbers) for the
same DYS marker. Knowing when the test was done and by whom will allow us
to convert the values into a standard format.
Y-DNA tests come in different sizes like 12, 25, 37, 67, 111. Generally
speaking the more markers the higher the resolution or more markers to
compare to. In general, one should consider 37 markers as the starting
level.
See:
http://isogg.org/wiki/Y-DNA_testing_comparison_chart
Mitochondrial DNA tests
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is passed from the mother to her children, but
only her daughters can pass it down to the next generation. Like Y-DNA this
type of DNA is passed down virtually unchanged over the generations.
When looking at a genealogical pedigree chart, the very bottom lineage is
the maternal line and represents mtDNA heritage. This is your mothers
mothers DNA. Traditionally the female assumes a married name each
generation which makes it harder to track genealogically.
MtDNA is tested in Hyper Variable Regions often called HVR1, HVR2 & HVR3.
A complete mtDNA test is referred to as mtFull at FTDNA.
See comparison chart at:
http://isogg.org/wiki/MtDNA_
testing_comparison_chart
Autosomal DNA Tests
Ancestry and 23andMe focus on autosomal DNA (atDNA) FTDNA has a similar
test called Family Finder. Most people use these tests to see their ethnic
heritages. So much European, so much Middle Eastern, et cetera.
23andMe also uses atDNA type testing for medical genetic warning type
tests as for Cystic Fibrosis, Sickle Cell Anemia, Hereditary Hearing Loss
and et cetera.
Some use it to compare DNA fragments to others for cousin similarity up to
about 5 generations.
On a genealogical pedigree chart atDNA represents all your ancestry. You
share 50% of your DNA from each parent, 25% from each grandparent, then
12.5% by the next generation followed by 6.25%, 3.125%, 1.5625% and further
divided numbers back into time.
If you are surnamed Carpenter, any cousin match most likely will not be a
Carpenter, but from one of your other ancestors. For example, at 5
generations the likely cousin match will be a Carpenter is 1/16 (one
sixteenth),
To see the differences between these atDNA testing companies, please go to
the following link.
http://isogg.org/wiki/Autosomal_DNA_testing_comparison_chart
SNP Tests ? Big Y
Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP pronounced Snip) testing is a shotgun
approach toward the Y-Chromosome. Most Y-DNA tests can estimate the basic
haplogroup. SNP testing confirms the haplotyping of the Haplogroup. FTDNA
calls theirs The Big Y. See the link for comparisons between the different
companies who provide this type test.
http://isogg.org/wiki/Y-DNA_SNP_testing_chart
Are there other types of DNA tests? Yes. But the ones above are the most
common ones used in genealogy.
B)
Triangulation ? a goal of genetic genealogy
In genetic genealogy we use triangulation. Think of a triangle. Genetic
triangulation is rather simple. /_\
Person A & B match genetically and that forms the base of the triangle. _
Person A has a paper trail (genealogy) that goes back in time. /
Person B has a paper trail that goes back in time. \
The top of the triangle is the MRCA or most recent common ancestor.
Person A is who you are testing. Some living biological male 2nd, 3rd or
better cousin could be Person B. The most common shared ancestor is the
MRCA.
If the genetics of Person A & Person B match and the paper trail goes to
the MRCA, then this helps prove they are related both genealogically and
genetically. This is the goal of genetic genealogy. When this is repeated
several times back to a common ancestor, we then can recreate the Y-DNA
markers of that ancestor. All without digging them up!
See more at:
http://isogg.org/wiki/Triangulation
For many groups they have a recognizable common ancestor. For Group 2 (of
the Carpenter Cousins Y-DNA Project) it is the immigrant William Carpenter
b. abt 1610 in England. With triangulation we have re-created his genetic
profile or fingerprint. The same goes for Group 3 and a few other groups.
C)
We have a general discussion, query and help request page with the
Carpenter Rootsweb email list. See the following link to join it or to
search past discussions. It can be slow at times.
http://lists.rootsweb.ancestry.com/index/surname/c/carpenter.html
We also have a FTDNA X-Site that has only FTDNA tested results.
Unfortunately, they do not allow us to add non-FTDNA member results to this
page. See:
https://www.familytreedna.com/public/carpenter%20cousins%20%
20dna/default.aspx?section=ycolorized
G)
Here are a few helpful links regarding DNA and common DNA terms.
A glossary of basic DNA terms can be found at:
http://www.kerchner.com/books/glossary.pdf
The FTDNA version is at:
https://www.familytreedna.com/learn/glossary/
General stuff about DNA -
https://www.genome.gov/
25520880/deoxyribonucleic-acid-dna-fact-sheet/deoxyribonucleic-acid-dna-
fact-sheet/
See also:
http://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/
introduction-what-is-dna-6579978
FTDNA info on Y-DNA testing:
https://www.familytreedna.com/
learn/y-dna-testing/
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