The "Scots-Irish: The Scots in North Britain, North Ireland, and North
America" by Charles A. Hanna (NY, 1902), is a fascinating and very
detailed history of the subject areas. It can probably be found in
major libraries or purchased through a rare book store and can be viewed
via
ancestry.com (annual membership fee required). I find the following
reference:
In 924 AD. "In this year, before midsummer, king Eadweard went with his
forces to Nottingham, and commanded the burgh to be built on the south
side of the river, over against the other, and the bridge over the
Trent, between the two burghs: and then he went thence into Peakland, to
Bakewell, and commanded a burgh to be built nigh thereunto, and manned.
And then chose him for father and for lord, the king of the Scots and
the whole nation of the Scots, and Ragnold and the sons of Eadulf and
all those who dwell in Northumbria, as well English as Danish, and
Northmen and others, and also the king of the Strathclyde Welsh, and all
the Strathclyde Welsh."
In "1018, a great battle was fought at Carham between the Scots and the
English, between the son of Waltheof, earl of the Northumbrians, and
Malcolm, the son of Kenneth, king of the Scots; with whom in battle was
Owen the Bald, king of the Clutinians.-- Simeon of Durham, Hist. Reg.
Which [Uchtred] being slain [by King Cnut] his brother Eadulf, surnamed
Cudel, very slothful and timid, succeeded him in comitatum. But fearing
lest the Scots should revenge upon him the death of those whom his
brother, as is above said, had slain, gave all Lothian for satisfaction
and firm concord. In this manner was Lothian added to the kingdom of
the Scots.---Simeon De Obsess. Dun. We have the authority of the Saxon
Chronicle for the fact that Uchtred was slain two years before and that
Cunt had made Eric, a Dane, his successor, while Simeon makes his
brother, Eadulf Cudel, succeed him.--Celtic Scotland, vol. i., p. 393."
"71. Innes, Ap. 4. Sim., Hist. Dun., i., 3, c. 5, 6 ; Ibid., De Obs.
Dun., p. 81; De Gestis, 1018. On comparing the passages of Simeon it is
impossible to doubt that the cession of Lothian by Eadulf Cudel was the
result of the battle of Carham, though there is an evident reluctance in
the English chronicler to allude to the defeat and its consequences. The
men of the Lothians, according to Wallingford, retained their laws and
customs unaltered, and though the authority is questionable, the fact is
probably true, for Lothian law became eventually the basis of Scottish
law. Conquest indeed in these times did not alter the laws and customs
of the conquered, unless where they come into contact and into
opposition with those of the conquerors, and the men of the Lothians
remained under the Scottish kings in much the same position as the men
of Kent under the kings of Mercia and Wessex, probably exchanging the
condition of a harassed for that of a favored frontier province. --
Scotland"
"Another fabrication which has been inserted amongst the events of this
reign is the cession of Lothian to Kenneth of Scotland, to be held of
the English crown as a hereditary feudal fief. This first appears in the
pages generally attributed to John of Wallingford, who filled the office
of abbot of St. Albans--the same monastery in whose chronicles "the five
kings" first appear with kingdoms--from 1195 to 1214; though they would
appear rather to have been the work of another John of Wallingford who
died in 1258. According to this authority, on the death of Osulf,
unwilling that any part of Northumbria should pass hereditarily, Edgar
created an earldom for Oslac, extending from Humber to Tees, and erected
the sea-coast of Deira, reaching from Tees to Mireforth,--meaning
probably the Firth
of Forth,--into another earldom for Eadulf Ewelchild, which must have
interfered considerably with the grant to Oslac. Lothian, always open to
the incursions of the Picts and Scots, was little cared for by the
English kings, and Kenneth, hearing of the liberality of Edgar, and
hoping to profit by it, was conducted to the English court by the two
earls and Elfsi, Bishop of Durham--a proceeding not a little suggestive
of the marginal addition to Simeon of Durham, to which allusion has been
already made. Arrived there, Kenneth suggests to Edgar that this
neglected Lothian had always belonged of hereditary right to the kings
of Scotland, a claim which Edgar refers to his council, who assent to
it, with the reservation that it was always held by homage, assigning as
a reason that it was a worthless province, and difficult of access to
defend. Kenneth accordingly consents to hold Lothian as a fief "sub
nomine homagii . . . sicque determinata vetus querela de Louthian, et
adhuc nova saepe intentatur."
"One important post was already established on Northumbrian soil.
Whether by peaceful cession on Eadred's part or no, the border fortress
of Edinburgh passed during his reign into Scottish hands. It is
uncertain if the grant of Lothian by Eadgar followed the acquisition of
Edinburgh; but at the close of his reign the southward pressure of the
Scots was strongly felt. 'Raids upon Saxony' are marked by the Pictish
Cronicle among the deeds of King Kenneth; and amidst the troubles of
AEthelred's reign a Scottish host swept the country to the very gates of
Durham. But Durham was rescued by the sword of Uhtred, and the heads of
the slain marauders were hung by their long, twisted hair round its
walls. The raid and the fight were memorable as the opening of a series
of descents which were from this time to form much of the history of the
north. Cnut was hardly seated on the throne when in 1018 the Scot king,
Malcolm, made a fresh inroad on Northumbria, and the flower of its
nobles fell fighting round Earl Eadwulf in a battle at Carham, on the
Tweed ....
"Few gains have told more powerfully on the political character of a
kingdom than this. King of western Dalriada, king of the Picts, lord of
Cumbria, the Scot king had till now been ruler only of Gaelic and Cymric
peoples. 'Saxony,' the land of the English across the Forth, had been
simply a hostile frontier-- the land of an alien race--whose rule had
been felt in the assertion of Northumbrian supremacy and West-Saxon
over-lordship. Now for the first time Malcolm saw Englishmen among his
subjects. Lothian, with its Northumbrian farmers and seamen, became a
part of his dominion. And from the first moment of its submission it was
a most important part. The wealth, the civilization, the settled
institutions, the order of the English territory won by the Scottish
king, placed it at the head of the Scottish realm. The clans of Kintyre
or of the Highlands, the Cymry of Strathclyde, fell into the background
before the stout farmers of northern Northumbria. The spell drew the
Scot king, in course of time, from the very land of the Gael. Edinburgh,
an English town in the English territory, became ultimately his
accustomed seat. In the midst of an English district the Scot kings
gradually ceased to be the Gaelic chieftains of a Gaelic people. The
process at once began
which was to make them Saxons, Englishmen in tongue, in feeling, in
tendency, in all but blood. Nor was this all. The gain of Lothian
brought them into closer political relations with the English crown. The
loose connection which the king of Scots and Picts had acknowledged in
owning Endward the Elder as father and lord, had no doubt been drawn
tighter by the fealty now owed for the fief of Cumbria. But Lothian was
English ground, and the grant of Lothian made the Scot king 'man' of the
English king for that territory, as Earl Eadwulf was Cnut's 'man' for
the land to the south of it. Social influences, political relations,
were henceforth to draw the two realms together; but it is in the
cession of Lothian that the process really began. -- Green, Conquest of
Endland, ch. ix., secs. 38-40."
"It should be borne in mind that Mr. Green writes from the customary
English point of view in stating that the conquest of Lothian by Malcolm
made the Scottish kings the liege men of the rulers of England. Scottish
historians contend that the record of their king having acknowledged
Endward the Elder as "father and lord" is a fabricated one; and the
evidence seems to be with them. See p. 359."
"It is scarcely necessary to remark, about a tale so redolent of the age
in which it was first put forth, that it will not be found in a single
authority of an earlier date than the thirteenth century. Every,
chronicler before that epoch, Norman as well as Saxon, was ignorant of
'the old quarrel about Lothian," yet it is strange that AEthelward, at
least, should not have celebrated its cession during his kinsman's reign
in some of those unpolished periods that excited the contemptuous pity
of the fastidious Malmesbury. Simeon, the best authority for
Northumbrian history, writing a hundred years and upwards before
Wallingford, tells how Lothian was ceded to the Scots through the
pusillanimity of Eadulf Cudel in the days of Canute, ignorant alike of
the previous cession to Kenneth and of the existence o£ "the old
quarrel" in the time of Edgar. Yet Simeon's earls--Osulf, Oslac,
Waltheof, Uchtred--are historical characters,whose names appear in
authentic charters; "Oslac Eorl with the Here dwelling in the
Eorldordom" is mentioned in the laws of Edgar, but the name of his
companion in the pages of Wallingford, Eadulf Ewelchild, is never found
except in two spurious charters--once in the appropriate company of
another myth, Malcolm Dux,--and, in fact, is nothing else than a
blundering attempt at adapting the real ceder of Lothian, Child Eadulf
Cudel, to the time of Edgar as Eadulf Ewel-child. Wendover has improved
upon the account attributed to his abbot, mentioning the conditions on
which Lothian was to be held: Kenneth and his successors were to attend
the court of the English kings on every solemn festival when the latter
"wore the crown," and mansiones were assigned for the support of the
Scottish train on these continual progresses, which remained in the
possession of the Scottish kings until the reign of Henry the Second.
The addition of Wendover, with the mansiones held to the days of the
second Henry, was purposely framed to correspond with the supposed
cession of Lothian, which the same chronicler has added to the fiefs
surrendered by Malcolm IV. to the English king in 1157; a cession which
has not only been overlooked by every contemporary authority, but was
also totally ignored by the English kings themselves, who showed an
unaccountable negligence in exercising the right, which they would
unquestionably have acquired by such an act, of summoning the baronage
of the Lothians to perform the military service due to their English
overlord."